Report on Course: the Business Simulation Essay

This report provides the Chairman of the board an analysis of the decisions and the results of the Company 1 in Period 2. The focus is given on how our company organized the process of planning in the Period 2 and I tried to critically analyze the results compared to our plans. In period 2 our company was seemed to do better than the previous period (period 1), but in my opinion period 2 was the beginning of our company’s crisis. We didn’t adhere to our differentiation strategy and we ignored our objectives. I strongly believe that if we have acted much differently and have the chance to redo the planning of the decision making of period 2 we would perform much better in all next periods. Introduction This report is an attempt of informing the chairman of the board of the Company’s 1 plans, actions and mistakes during the period 2. It starts with the analysis of the process of planning and continues with the analysis of the results compared to our company’s plans. 2) Body 2.1) Planning of the Period 2. To begin with the Price, we planned to have the same price as Period 1 ( 3,090 eur), because we knew that customers dislike changes in the price and we didn’t want to have dissatisfied customers especially when we hadn’t yet persuaded them that our product was the best in quality so we couldn’t risk losing many of them. As for our investment in Advertisement we thought that if we kept investing the same amount (7.0mEur ) as Period 1 we would own the same or bigger market share. Then about Sales force we were thinking of having 110 in that period because as the â€Å"Topsim† mentions a sales force of 110 could increase sales up to 45000 units. We decided to set the price of 2,640 for the bid that was higher than our CGM in the period 1 (; 2,270eur). We were thinking of purchasing 46,000 units of input materials and producing 50,000 units of Copy I as we were thinking that we have to be able to respond to the increase of market 1 demand (8%-10%) and to serve the bids in case we won that. After that we started thinking of cutting down the cost of the rest investments we had to do. So we thought that investing few or no money to the rest of our potential investments would be enough. So here are our thoughts of investments: 1,0mEur in CI, putting 10 people at the Copy I-old technology, 0,50mEur in Ecology of Copy I-old and 0,1mEur in Value Analysis of Copy I-old, 0 people in technology and 0,0 mEur in ecology and 0,0 in value analysis of Copy I-new, 1,0mEur in Maintenance of our Type A production lines and 0,0mEur in Rationalization of them, no new investment or disinvestment of the production lines and no new types of lines, 0,0 mEur process optimization, 0,0 mEur in training production workers, 0,0 mEur in investment in environmental plants, 0 number of recruiting or dismissal of production workers, non-salary staff costs 37%, short-term loan 15,0 mEur, long-term loans 0,0 mEur, dividends 40%, purchase of securities 0,0 mEur. 2) Body 2.2) Critically analyze the results compared to our plans. I have to mention that generally, in the most periods, as we were planning our steps we were trying to focus on the company’s objectives (; increase our employees productivity; decrease the negative ecological footprint; retain the market share>17% ) and how we would achieve those through our actions. However, in period 2 we didn’t act like our decisions and results would have a long term effect on the potential achievement of our goals, we tried a different tactic, which was cutting all investments costs extremely and maybe as we see from the results of that period and the next that was a fatal mistake for our company. Even if it seemed from the improved Net Income (compared to period 1) that we chose a good tactic it wasn’t because that move got us behind in comparison to the other companies that had chosen the differentiation strategy as well. They built a quality product unlike us that we thought only the temporary survivor of our company. Of course as we were at the beginning we were afraid not to get out of the market so we didn’t think thoroughly of our long term results. In that point of time our only concern should have been to create a product with a strong quality that would appeal most of the consumers and the price wouldn’t be for them an obstacle. Our results weren’t those we wanted in all periods, and I am quite sure that this started from the results of period 2. We pretty much failed creating a quality based (eco-friendly and flexible/tend to respond immediately at technological changes) production, our customers weren’t satisfied generally, our staff was neither and our market share was declining. I can now find many corrections to our decisions that maybe could ensure us in a long term view. First of all, I agree with the price, I think that first we had to gain some loyal customers who would appreciate our product’s quality and after that increase the price. So our results wouldn’t have changed with another price in a good way. I don’t agree now with the amount we invested in the Advertisement. I now believe that we should have put at least 1,o more mEur so that our market share would be wider. The number of sales staff was a good move and I think was enough. As i see it right now I’m not sure that we needed to sell to bids because if we had focused on our differentiation strategy then probably we wouldn’t need them and maybe we could sell all of our production to the market 1 so that our revenue would be bigger. As for CI we for sure made a severe mistake by reducing the amount of investment because CI expenditures affect Corporate Image which has an important double effect, on Customer Satisfaction (which is one of our companies objectives) and on Production Staff Motivation (which increase our employees productivity). As the business report on the industry shows our company had in Period 2 the smallest index of Corporate Image of all companies, I for sure believe that we should have put 2,0 or even 3,0mEur. Of course 10 people in technology is a really small number when thinking that a quality product don’t invest that much in R&D. They should be at least 30-34 so that we could be flexible to technological changes. By investing in technology we could reduce the overall amount of the environmental damage indicator caused by company which beside avoiding the penalty (we had to pay unless it turned 100 or more) it has a direct influence on Sales, Absenteeism of product employees, Corporate Image, Share price and Motivation of staff in production. Also, 0,5mEur in ecology isn’t enough for a quality centered Copy machine. Consumers care about the environment and ecology generally. Eco-friendliness affect their satisfaction so if we were more eco-friendly we would gain consumers appreciation and loyalty. So the more eco-friendly would be our product the merrier market share we would gain. Moreover, I believe we had had to invest in new production lines (Type C for example) because we could improve ecology index of the production lines themselves easily by replacing certain lines. And for sure 0,0mEur investment in ecological plants is totally unacceptable for the same reasons. I don’t have many objections for not investing yet in the technology, ecology and value analysis of the Copy I-new in period 2. At first we should have gained a loyal market share and then when having some kind of certainty for our product’s continuation/progress and of course enough capital to step to the next level to invest in the Copy I-new. I don’t agree with the amount of production because we weren’t well prepaered for selling that. On the other hand I would quite agree with the amount of production we had in period 2 in case we had planned more thoroughly our decisions bearing on mind our differentiation strategy maybe we could sell it. As I see our decisions now I can’t understand how we didn’t invest in training the production workers. Of course that resulted to the staff generally, shown with the attrition. Training has a positive influence on Production Staff Motivation and that would facilitate our 1st objective which is the increase of employees’ productivity. So for sure I believe we had to invest in training at least 1,5mEur. For the same reason I believe that non-salary costs should be a little higher (e.g 40%). Finally, I don’t think that the number of production workers was in that period enough (especially if we had done everything I have mentioned above), so bearing in mind all of the above neither the number of production stuff would be enough nor of course the Short-term loan. Conclusion For the Company 1 the organizing of the planning process and the decision making process in each period was a unique experience. Almost all of us were inexperienced in such an activity, even in a group work, so we were trying for the best result every time.. Even if that never came! Most of us found the whole procedure and the business game a great opportunity to realize how to use some of our already acquired knowledge and a great chance to learn many more from our colleagues and our professor. Thank you for that opportunity!

“Broken home”: what is it and what are its consequences

Relationships between parents and children have always been a significant topic to discuss and a serious matter to think about. In fact, they are the essence of the family life and the basis of children’s formation as a personality. It is important to pay attention to these relationships because they are usually tensed and strained. When a child is grown up in a family where he/she feels indifference and coldness he/she will take such vision of mutual relationships into his/her own adult life. Love and care of the family members have a crucial impact on the child’s psychical development.â€Å"In the English language, â€Å"broken home† refers to the family where the bonds between mother, father and children have turned sour or ruptured; individuals are weakened or uprooted as a result† (Fend â€Å"Broken Home†). This term is used to note a family in which love, care, and understanding are absent. Every family member is a victim. Nobody wants to blam e him-/herself, nobody cares about other person’s feelings, and nobody wants to suffer. Parents are quarrelling among themselves and as a result have no time for their kids.Sometimes it can be even worst – parents blame their children in all problems. No doubt, such a family cannot be useful for a society as it cannot be useful even for its own members. In the â€Å"broken home† family relationships are broken. For a child life in such a home is a nightmare. As we all well know, every child needs love and attention. Without these elements child will suffer emotionally, thus he/she won’t develop as a well-balanced personality. Moreover, child in such a family will always be between his/her fighting parents.The kid loves both parents equally and wants them to leave in mutual love and respect. When the child sees his/her parents quarreling, he/she may think that he/she is the reason of their disagreement. This awareness makes the kid’s life more compl icated. The famous Papa Roach’s song reflects the child’s feelings and emotions which he/she experiences while leaving in such family. The kid begins to blame his-/herself in all parents’ problems: Broken home†¦ all alone I can't seem to fight these feelings . . . . . . . . . .. . . And my wounds are not healing I'm stuck in between my parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . I know my mother loves me, but does my father even care If I'm sad or angry you were never ever there . . . . . . . . . . . . . What’s wrong with me (1-2, 4-5, 13-14, 20) That’s why parents should pay due attention to their mutual relationships, as well as to the relationships with their kids. Life in a â€Å"broken home† negatively influences kid’s growth. â€Å"Broken home† is a serious problem families must deal with.Such type of family is characterized by constant cry, fear, and tears. On the contrary, well-being family is characterized by love, care, an d joy. The parents’ divine duty is to make their home a desirable place for leaving, a place where their children will always want to go to. All that is needed to make a kid happy is just a sincere hug, a word of support, a smile, and a tolerance. Parents should try to be patient with each other and not to quarrel about trivial things. And even if they do quarrel, they should make sure their kids are not witnessing this.Every problem can be solved if there is a mutual desire, even the problem of a â€Å"broken home†. Why are so many people unhappy? Why do they perceive mutual relationships as a constant mortification and pain? The answer is simple: they were grown up in â€Å"broken homes†. Our task is to ensure joyful and happy life for kids and to eradicate the phrase â€Å"broken home† from our language. Works Cited Fend, Peter. Broken Home. 1 July 2004. < http://old. thing. net/ttreview/mayrev97. 03. html>. Roach, Papa. Broken Home. 1 July 2004. .

American Marketing Association

Marketing is a broad concept. According to the American Marketing Association, marketing is the set of activities and processes in order to create communication and deliver products or any kind of exchange that has some value to customers, clients or society. To develop sales and reputation it is important for any company to buildup strategies for emphasizing the concept of marketing. A company that lack good marketing strategy may lose essential opportunities for increasing their market value  (Armstrong, Adam, Denize, & Kotler, 2014). Australian retail market contains many noteworthy names. One such name is Woolworth that has attained a apex of success. For its target customers Woolworths have a wide range and variety of products that includes groceries, vegetables, meat, packaged food items, magazines stationary products and even DVD  (Arli, Dylke, Burgess, Campus, & Soldo, 2013). Recently Woolworths launched its clothing line in South Africa to increase its business and popularity. Woolworths has 980 stores across Australia and 16 retail stores without the name Woolworth but under the same logo. They have their Headquarters in New South Wales and they operate under the name Safeway in Victoria where they have four stores in rural Victoria and three in Melbourne. They are at the market of retail business for over 92 years with average sale of 33,275 million dollars and profit margin of 1099 million dollars. Their asset value is worth 11,936 million dollars  (Knox, 2014). In this current report the marketing strategies of Woolworth including the issues faced by the brand is discussed. Ways for resolving such issues is also recommended. In Australian Market, the prime competitor for Woolworths is Coles and together they dominate over 80% of the Australian retail market. In recent years however a new name Aldi, came to business to give these two giant a competition. Woolworths became the fastest growing food and liquor retailer in Australian market in 2013. For achieving such peaks, the company must have some concrete marketing strategies. In this section, these strategies are discussed elaborately with context to the eight Ps of marketing. The marketing strategy targeted for products includes Design, technology, usability, value, quality, brand and warranty. Woolworths being a retailer has a wide range of products in their supermarket chains. Their product range includes fresh and packaged foods and vegetables; beverages and liquor; clothing line; Home accessories. In addition, they also have financial services  (Perrone & Wodonga, 2015).   For food and beverages, they focus on quality. Supplying the customers with high quality food is their first choice. Next, they rely on convenience, providing the customers feasibility of shopping in wide range of branded products. Innovation is their strongest marketing strategy that includes delicious authentic yet innovative recipes, which are tasty yet nutritious. Their clothing line focus on improving ranges, introducing new fashionable styles in budget value and sustainable quality. Woolworths present a wide range of home accessories and furnishings that include kitchen an d bathroom ware, crockery and vases, bedroom wear and curtains. They also have a market for furniture that is stylish and contemporary in an affordable range  (Digital, 2017). Keeping their customers in mind, and to appeal to a huge range of customer, Woolworths offer a wide range of price that fits the budget of majority of taxpayers. To attract customers they give offers in a wide range of their products as well. A total basket of goods that includes bread, milk, eggs, apples, chicken, cabbage, cheese maize, sugar, mincemeat, soft drink, flour, tea bags, rice and margarine is worth R479.44, which is quite affordable. Combined with lucrative offers Woolworth has a solid marketing strategy to attract a good range of customers  (Digital, 2017). The successful promotional strategies that Woolworths take make them the key player in the Australian retail market. According to analysts, their key to success is that they focus more on growing category sales rather than price cut. Even though there are players in business who offer same range of products in much lower price, Woolworth stays as the customer’s choice of brand to shop. Their central focus is on extending their food and liquor range.   Promoting their grocery, petrol through celebrities had been a prime promotional strategy for Woolworths that attracted attention of customers. This helped increase their brand value considerably  (Methner, Hamann, & Nilsson, The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths., 2015). Place represents a particular point from where products of an organization reach the end customers. Place can be both offline and online. Depending on the type of product offerings of the organization, online or offline mode is selected and in some cases both are selected, so that the company is able to grow its business manifold  (Armstrong, Adam, Denize, & Kotler, 2014). Place offers a different picture to the consumers. While deciding to set shop in a particular city, an organization has to carefully study various parameters with respect to the existing demography, purchasing power parity of the consumers, existing competitors and local tax laws. It is the community for whom quality products and services are offered by an organization. People factor can be categorized with respect to both in house human resources of the firm and also the consumers to whom the same will be sold. If qualities of services are not up to the mark or the desired level of expectations, then a very good quality product might not sell to its intended customers. Woolworths has an excellent human capital workforce which has helped them expand its network and product portfolio across Australia and now to South Africa as well  (Shin & Lee, 2015). Since it’s important to develop a quality product offering to the customers, the method in which a product undergoes should be of very high standard as customers are paying premium to buy the same  (Human & Bick, 2016). Quality is a critical attribute of Woolworths’ product offerings, which has been maintained since the time it set up its business in 1924. Through partnership route, a firm gains competitive advantage over its rivals as two brands and their distribution points and strategies merge together, thereby realizing good economies of scale  (Rosenbaum-Elliott, Elliott, H., Percy, & Pervan, 2015). When strategic partnerships are formed, it delivers a greater impact on the company’s intended message in the market through smart packaging of products and good merchandising. Physical evidence determines the level of satisfaction from the customer’s point of view. They often judge the quality of a product based on their perceptions of the surrounding infrastructure  (Muposhi & Dhurup, 2016) Achieving the business strategies, analyzing the influential environment on its profitable ground are the important point that Woolworths need for its understanding (Feigin, 2016). The corporate strategies are not only accomplished but also the business performance of the organization significantly affects on the impact of the external factors of the organization. On analyzing the external environment, the internal aspects will help Woolworths to improve its present strategies and turning the mission into effective actions (Methner, Hamann, & Nilsson, The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader, 2015). Woolworths adapted some competitive strategies for competing in retail industry. It identified its position the field of retail marketing.   The two levels of external environment can be divided into two major levels that include the environment of the industry that can influence outside the company and the general influential factor, called macro environment of the company. Issues that Woolworths faces currently in Australia that can be listed below: Woolworths, being a large market scale in retail industry; they have very low dependency on the suppliers of the particular items. They must have very low dependency rate in the ground of the supply chain (King & Thobela, 2014). The fixed customers of Woolworths bargains tremendously in the store for the discount of any items. They get huge level of discounts in the e-commerce sites almost al the year round. Customers start trusting those online sites more than to step in for the retail market (Cameron, Sayers, Sacks, & Thornton, 2015). The discounted items from the sites become cheap in the price range and the quality remains the same. The current and new threat of Woolworths is considered significantly due to several other reasons. Any new organization competing in the particular business needs a huge amount of start-up capital for fixing up the facilities and for operating the business. Woolworths competes with Coles with 23% of the market that is controlled by them. Woolworths is the leader of the Australian market and its position flourishes the power of the company for exploitation of the potentiality of the market by its well-built resources and a proper presence of the company (Feigin, 2016). The Australian government has several restrictions on the movement of Woolworths as it keeps on increasing its prices quiet higher for any of its products specially liquor. The price rise is one of the common business strategies for profit making. The increase in price rise is the major weakness of the company for promoting growth because government restricts that in the upcoming future. Woolworths have several opportunities that is related in the retail industry that focuses with the potentiality of the growth like computerization, advancement of the supply chain and the lifestyle that changes the consumers that facts the abilities of the retailers for growing better opportunities in the market. However, they have adopted several strategies to cope up with the strategies for adopting the multi optional retailing for the changing needs of the consumer. A new technology that is adopted by Woolworths was the subscription of GEMMN(Global Electronic Marketing and Merchandising Network). However, on improving their chain of supply and the system of distribution that includes important impacts on cost saving. They also introduced the facilities for the online shopping, which make them to identify from any other company  (Methner, Hamann, & Nilsson, The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths., 2015). Recently, Woolworths have diversified from grocery store to Hotels, Petrol, Liquor general Merchandise and general services. The expansion and the acquisition made Woolworths a largest supermarket chain in Australia with 31% share. The main growth of Woolworths is by the strong commitment towards its employees and the customers. It has benefits for multiple activities with innovation and identified strengths for conducting operations flexibly by the coordination of the activities and the close interrogation by the employees and the customers. The first and foremost challenge for Woolworths has always been the neck-to-neck competition provided by the other Aussie retail giant Coles. The last couple year has brought a number of other competitors in the market as well (Ausfoodnews.com.au., 2017). Along with that, the customer satisfaction level of retail chains took a massive hit as the online sites started emerging with their new discount schemes every day. In order to cope up with the current market schemes and the government restrictions on price hike the retail markets are facing increasing debts. Woolworths is no exception to this scenario, and the financial equilibrium of the company took further hits due to its many acquisition in period of 2008 to 2012 (Santos, M., Svensson, & Padin, 2014). The geographical market seclusion also plays a major role in the current instability in the company and the need for global expansion has become prevalent. Dealing with this many challenges needs renovation in strategic and operat ional level; a few recommendations have been listed down below: Woolworths started its journey back in 1924 as just a basement outlet and have come a long way since then. In 2012, the company reached the pinnacle of success when it acquired the position of largest supermarket chain in Australia. Woolworths has managed to capture 31% market shares with a customer base of more than 28 million per week. Even after tackling the Australian retail market for almost a century, Woolworth still has challenges ahead to overcome if it wants to uphold its duopoly in the Aussie retail market. The cutthroat market competition and government jurisdictions have placed hurdles after hurdles in its path that has dimmed the market potential for Woolworths in the last couple of year. However, the Woolies have always been a trusted enterprise due to   their core competence and unsurpassed quality standards. Hence it can be concluded, that a company as reputed as Woolworths just needs a well-articulated and renovated marketing strategy with current market scenario at the focal point to put the company back in the market with renewed zeal. (2017, February). Retrieved from Ausfoodnews.com.au.: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2015/05/06/woolworths-announces-new-strategies-to-win-over-grocery-shoppers-afn-reveals-full-detail.html Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R., & Soldo, E. (2013). Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration. Journal of Economics, Business & Accountancy Ventura, 16(1). Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., & Kotler, P. (2014). Principles of marketing. Australia.: Pearson Australia. Berning, A. (2014). Sustainable supply chain engagement in a retail environment. The case of Woolworths food suppliers. Cameron, A. J., Sayers, S. J., Sacks, G., & Thornton, L. E. (2015). Do the foods advertised in Australian supermarket catalogues reflect national dietary guidelines? Health promotion international. Digital, B. (. (2017, February 3). WOOLWORTHS HOLDINGS LIMITED | WOOLWORTHS RETAIL | OUR PRODUCTS. Retrieved from Digital, B. (2017). WOOLWORTHS HOLDINGS LIMITED | WOOLWORTHS RETAWoolworthsholdings.co.za. : https://www.woolworthsholdings.co.za/retail/products.asp Feigin, L. M. (2016). The effects of protests and boycotts on a brand and its reputation. Feigin, L. M. (2016). The effects of protests and boycotta case study on Woolworths and boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) (Doctoral dissertation, The IIE). Fernie, J., & Sparks, L. (2014). Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Human, C. J., & Bick, G. (2016). BOS Brands: challenges of internationalisation. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 6(4), 1-32. Keith, S. (2012). Coles, Woolworths and the local. Locale: The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies. The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies, 47-81. King, L., & Thobela, S. (2014). Woolworths farming for the future. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. Knox, M. ( 2014). Supermarket monsters: Coles, woolworths and the price we pay for their domination. The Monthly. Methner, N., Hamann, R., & Nilsson, W. (2015). The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths. Springer International Publishing. Methner, N., Hamann, R., & Nilsson, W. (2015). The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader. Springer International Publishing. Methner, N., Hamann, R., & Nilsson, W. (2015). The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths. In The Business of Social and Environmental Innovation, 87-104. Muposhi, A., & Dhurup, M. (2016). A Qualitative Inquiry Of Generation Y Consumers' Selection Attributes In The Case Of Organic Products. The International Business & Economics Research Journal (Online), 15(1),, 1. Perrone, A., & Wodonga, T. A. (2015). Centralian College: Creating a strategic marketing plan for long-term growth. Marketing. Centralian College. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Elliott, H., R., Percy, L., & Pervan, S. (2015). Strategic brand management. USA.: Oxford University Press,. Santos, A. D., M., Svensson, G., & Padin, C. (2014). Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of sustainable business practices: framework and empirical illustration. Corporate Governance. In A. D. Santos, M., G. Svensson, & C. Padin, Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of sustainable business practices: framework and empirical illustration. Corporate Governance (pp. 515-530). Shin, S., & Lee, S. H. (2015). Effects of Business Environmental Factors on 4P Mix of Eco-friendly Textile in Textile Fashion Firms. Fashion business, 19(2), 36-52. End your doubt 'should I pay someone to do my dissertation by availing dissertation writing services from

Risk management and international finance Assignment

Risk management and international finance - Assignment Example The main advantages of these methods including variance is that they allow individual forecasting on the default risk conditions that a company may be subjected especially in terms of loan and macro variables (Apel and Jansson, 1999; Pg. 381). The study will also be vital in determining the portfolio credit risk of the selected institutions over time. In addition, the approach and formulae to be applied will be vital in assessing the extent through which new accords may be applied to towards achieving increased credit risk sensitivity within a minimal capital charge (Ganguin and Bilardello, 2005; Pg. 186). Finally, the study will be vital in comparing the current capital requirement of banks under the proposed Basel system thereby comparing the underlying provision with the suitability or applicability of the same to the Marylebone Bank. Banks are usually vital in driving economy especially due to their saving roles as well as providing capital and credit facilities. Nonetheless, other than government regulation and supervision, the deposit capitals usually require a limit risks for the depositors. These limited risks will ensure that systematic and insolvency risks are reduced. Additionally, these regulations and measures are fundamental in providing restrictions on the working and operation of banks (Morris and Morris, 2005; Pg. 79). Therefore, their vital aspects are to control unnecessary capital requirements by restraining credit provision on needless situation or creditors. Moreover, the same regulations and provisions control the level of capital where inadequate capitals are discouraged since they may lead the bank into undesirable systematic risk levels. The Basel Capital accord was adopted in the year 1988 since which in had an international framework and recognition that applies until today. A group of central banks among other national supervisory authorities initiated the accord.

Same sex marriage vs heterosexual marriage Essay

Same sex marriage vs heterosexual marriage - Essay Example r inclusive of gay or lesbian partners which means there will be no children from either of the partners, and hence the marriage that takes place looks flawed in entirety. This is the reason why heterosexual marriages are considered the natural process to keep the ecosystem growing in a normal manner. There are no issues that the people find with heterosexual marriages since they are fundamentally based on the premise of bringing in individuals under the institution of marriage with the objective of giving birth to children. Another aspect why heterosexual marriages are deemed as successful is because they are openly accepted by the societal manifestations and hence there are no issues that are encountered by the people at large. The same sex marriages do not give this kind of liberty since they are marred by immense issues of non-acceptance even by the most immediate family members of the gay and lesbian partners. Hence acceptance is a much significant phenomenon that needs to be understood in a proper manner here. Without acceptance, the society will not come about usually as it would in a heterosexual marriage which gives more respect and dignity to the partners than a same sex marriage would do. One more aspect that is deemed as quintessential here is the fact that heterosexual marriages bank on the premise of understanding that people have an equal chance to make use of the resources present in this earth and hence they must do all that they can to interact with the society to keep the cycle growing. By this, what one means to suggest is that the childbirth aspect should not come down at any stage. The same sex marriages are dependent on just the lust factor where as the heterosexual marriages ensure more than lust alone – they are the entire code of life and should be seen as such (Allen 2006). Essentially speaking, the heterosexual and the same sex marriages have a huge amount of differences which need to be properly gauged. The heterosexual marriage is

Working in Organisations - What do people want from work Assignment

Working in Organisations - What do people want from work - Assignment Example People do have certain expectations from the place they work. Some people work to fulfill their basic necessities, some others work to explore their potentials, and few others to achieve their goals and objectives. The primary factor that comes to mind when talking about work is money. This is said to be on the list of priority and the foremost reason, why people want to work. People wish to work for a better pay, and for a better life style for which money is the key factor that motivates them to work and to increase their expectations to work for an organization. Another factor that people want from their work is satisfaction. People work as a team in an organization both to help others and to help themselves for which they get paid and thus they derive satisfaction with this kind of an activity. People tend to have a look out for social interactions in the organizational environment. For example, if one has to go to work, complete the day’s task, and has to come back and ha s no interactions at any point, is said to become redundant, and thus the person’s work impacts his performance and achievements, personally and professionally. If the person goes about in this manner, he might turn out to be anti-social at times. Thus with the work culture in the organization, people want to be socially active where most of the social needs are taken care of. Most people have set of varied reasons as to what they want from work and how they attain the same. They work for money, fun, social interactions and relations etc. According to Abraham Maslow who proposed in his paper, (A Theory of Human Motivation, 1943), talks about different cycles where human beings have varied expectations at different phases of life. His model is said to have five phases, starting with the bottom phase that talks about the most basic needs, and after this safety is the next phase, after the safety factor the expectation of humans was for love and belongingness factors, the next p hase is the self esteem where the humans have the zeal to attain respect and have achievements in life, and the top most phase as defined by Maslow was self actualization, which means that a person being more innovative, open to challenges, and moral. To correlate Maslow’s theory of different phases of what people want out of work is, they tend to move on and grow at each phase, and a specific set of necessities are fulfilled at each level they grow. This helps them further to attain more to achieve more. At the initial stages a person works to fulfill his basic wants of life. As this is fulfilled he works to earn for a better living, and as and when these basic necessities are being met, he is then motivated to work for aspects like meeting his targets, challenges, recognition at work etc. On the other hand, people work not just with the mentioned objectives. They have their own specific reasons and objectives to work and their expectations would differ vastly. This is becau se of a variety of opinions and views coming up from different people and, at times it gets tougher for the employer to analyse and address the aspirations of the people in a particular organization in diverse forms. What do people want from, work: To analyse the thin line of what do the people want from work in the organization is drawn with the set of various factors that create the environment for people to work and also to have certain expectations accordingly. Respect that one receives at work is derived from the work culture that is followed in the organization. The fact that one works in an organization for a longer period of time is a clear sign that the person has gained respect on all grounds, no matter what job is being

Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse Five Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse Five - Essay Example The focus on Billy’s self-awareness creates a crucial moment in his character development. This discovery paves the way for Billy to spread the Tralfamadorian gospel on earth. His recognition of the effect of Febs on his psyche demonstrates a great deal of self-awareness. The interaction of Billy and the historian in chapter nine demonstrates the interchangeable nature of history and fiction. Despite his spurious stories of time travel and alien abduction, it is possible that Billy had been a soldier in World War II. My understanding of reality is confused by the things that Billy sees when he visits the bookstore in Times Square. There are books by Kilgore Trout in the store’s window. The books talk about aliens abducting a man. This is the most difficult thing to understand in this novel because I am left to wonder whether it a coincidence that Billy looks at the Trout book before he talks about his experience that is similar to what the book describes. In the last chapter, the novel suggests that a bird-talk makes as much sense as the talk of anyone about war. The problem of dignity returns. Vonnegut talks about the equalizing power of death that brings dignity at high price. He shows how the war has made the idea of climax

Human Resource Management Individual assignment Essay

Human Resource Management Individual assignment - Essay Example Organizations refer to entities that comprises of several people, has collective goals and has both internal and external environments. The principle of separation in business management explains that organizations are legal entities capable of representing themselves in courts and make systematic decisions that strive to safeguard the accomplishment of the specific goals. The internal environment in organizations entails the relationships among the various people and the existence of support resources that ensure the accomplishment of the goals. The external environments constitute a fundamental relationship with organizations since they join the organizations to the society. The external environment may often constitute competition and markets. The relationships that an organization develops with the external environment, therefore, influence the success or failures of the organization (Cropper & Merkowitz, 1998). Organizations require effective management to accomplish their respective goals. Various theorists have fronted ideas and theories of management to help managers provide effective management for their organizations key among such theories are the contingency theory and the systems theory. The contingency theory explains that every organization and situation in the organizations require tailored management techniques owing to their uniqueness. The management technique should address the issues in the organizations and situations thereby enhancing the efficiency of operations.

Money rules Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Money rules - Research Paper Example THESIS STATEMENT Documentary films have emerged as an important and effective source of conveying information to large audiences. Correspondingly, this study intends to review a documentary film, ‘Forks over Knives' directed by American filmmaker Lee Fulkerson. Additionally, this study will depict the compelling factors of the selected documentary film and the main theme upon which the film primarily emphasizes. This study also identifies the role of a filmmaker/presenter in substantiating his/her point of view with the use of visuals. Conclusively, this study aims at analyzing a varied set of aspects related with the documentary film, ‘Forks over Knives'. IMPORTANCE OF FILM TOPIC The topic or the theme of the film is an important concept to be reflected upon as it deals with the adverse consequences of today’s eating habits and modern lifestyle. The film attempts to feature the heath complications among the western people primarily linked with selection of food fo r consumption. The film addresses the question, ‘why people in western countries are becoming the victims of degenerative diseases?’ Correspondingly, the film attempts to advocate a plant based diet over an animal based-diet as a solution for overcoming numerous health issues (Luisa, â€Å"Forks Over Knives Documentary Reveals Stunning Healing Power Of Plant-Based Diet†). IDENTIFYING THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE DOCUMENTARY FILM IS COMPELLING ‘Forks Over Knives’ is an American documentary film directed by Lee Fulkerson, an American independent presenter and filmmaker. The film was released on 30th August 2011. The film firmly advocates the consumption of low-fat food and plant based diet as an effective mean for combating certain diseases. The film actually endeavored to represent the problems and the solutions associated with the modern lifestyle of American people. The primary theme of the film explored the notion that a majority of degenerative disease s that are plaguing the people can be eliminated or avoided by discarding the consumption of processed food, primarily processed animal-based food products or items which are staples of the detrimental western diet. The film largely condemns the consumption of processed meat, cheese and pasteurized milk containing sodium nitrite  and other preservatives and atypical chemicals. The main compelling point of the film is attributed to the consumption of plant based diet among the people who are vulnerable to diseases such as diabetes, overweight and heart ailments (Luisa, â€Å"Forks Over Knives Documentary Reveals Stunning Healing Power Of Plant-Based Diet†). USE OF VISUALS BY FILMMAKER TO SUBSTANTIATE HIS POINT The filmmaker uses almost all the visuals in order to reflect the diet of meat eaters along with the evils of consumption habit related with fast-foods such as chips, fries and sodas among them. The filmmaker strives to illustrate the harmful effects of consumption of processed food items through the use of visuals. Furthermore, the visuals heavily stress on the adoption of whole food plant based-diet. The visuals used by the filmmaker were intended to inform people about the healthy eating habits and lifestyles. The visuals used in the film also emphasize the metaphor of standard western diet containing saturated fats and high meat. Additionally, the visuals feature the people who

The Impact of Prejudice and Discrimination Research Paper

The Impact of Prejudice and Discrimination - Research Paper Example prejudgment or wrong perceptions and a tendency to generalize everyone belonging to that particular group as having a personal trait, characteristic, behavior, or feature that is indicative of the minority group. People can sometimes be blind to the truth even if actual observation belies their mis-perceptions due to a consistent refusal to see that some people can be very different from what they make them out to be in real life. Slavery in America during its early years is a good example of how prejudice or discrimination can have long-lasting consequences if perpetrated by a larger group. Racism arising from ignorance, bias, prejudice, and discrimination results in exclusion of a minority group from the political, economic, and social spheres of society. Its effects usually are negative especially if racism is committed systematically and embedded in the psyche of the general population which in turn helps to perpetuate the wrong ideas and wrong perceptions of a minority group such that it becomes almost a permanent feature of a society, carried from one generation to the next generation. Its ill effects can be felt or seen in lower incomes for the group and exclusion from opportunities usually accorded to members of the general population. Biased treatment of minority groups also reflect badly on the whole society because it is indicative of its own intolerance and inflexibility towards other people who many not share the same beliefs. There were cases in the past in which discrimination was well documented because it was made official policy and there are also recent cases in which discrimination is not so blatant or overt but still results in the systematic exclusion of a minority group. All cases have negative impacts on the minority people discriminated against. It is the aim of this brief paper to discuss one event of discrimination and prejudice in the past and then discuss a more recent similar event in contemporary times. Both events (past and

Discrimination and Young People Essay Example for Free

Discrimination and Young People Essay 1.1 Explain what is meant by * diversity * equality * inclusion Diversity means difference. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, physical abilities and religious beliefs. Equality means treating everyone the same regardless of their individual differences. It is the discovery of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. Everyone has an equal right to be treated with dignity and respect. No one should be denied opportunities because of their race or ethnicity, their disability, their gender or sexual orientation, their age or religion. Inclusion means including people in a way that makes them feel appreciated and respected. Treating individuals fairly and respecting the differences between them makes it easier to include them. 1.2 Describe the potential effects of discrimination Discrimination is treating someone or a group of people in a different way to everyone else based on their individual differences. It involves the behavior towards a child or children such as excluding or restricting children from activities that other children are participating in. Discrimination happens when we fail to respect individuals and their choices. Discrimination affects everybody in different ways: Low self-esteem, depression, withdrawn behaviour, shyness, tearful, fearful etc. When someone is discriminated against, it can exclude them from friends, family, neighbours, and society in general. A child’s self-worth is reduced, as they feel isolated, and alone. Children’s Young People’s Workforce (2010 page 21) states that â€Å"When children experience prejudiced attitudes, there is a danger of damage to their self-esteem and self-confidence†. Discrimination can limit a child’s right to achieve their potential and objectives, their right to learn, their right to succeed. The most common forms of discrimination are racial remarks, being insulted and being the butt of hurtful jokes. Discrimination, racism and harassment may have significant mental and physical health consequences such as frustration, stress, anxiety and depression. Effects of discrimination physically and emotionally: Depression Anger Low self-esteem Isolation Loss of confidence Low self-worth Feeling stressed or unable to cope Fear of rejection The long-term effects could include: Loss of motivation Missed opportunities that may affect the childs experiences and development Limited access to services Mental illness caused by stress 1.3 Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity Inclusive practice is about the attitudes, approaches and approaches taken to ensure that people are not excluded or isolated. It means supporting diversity by accepting and welcoming children’s differences, and promoting equality by ensuring equal opportunities for all children. Child care workers show inclusive practice by working in ways that recognise, respect, value and make the most of all aspects of diversity. Children’s Young People’s Workforce (2010 page 25) states that another type of inclusive practice is to â€Å"offer children equality of opportunity to  participate, develop and learn. This does not mean treating them all the same; we have to acknowledge their diversity and treat children as individuals, with equal concern†. Having a sound awareness of and responding sensitively to an individual’s diverse needs supports them in developing a sense of belonging, well-being and confidence in their identity and capabilities and it helps them to achieve their potential to take their place in society. In addition, inclusive practice involves having an understanding of the impact that discrimination, inequality and social exclusion can have on an individual’s physical and mental health. Having such an understanding ensures appropriate, personalised care and support, thereby enabling an individual to develop self-respect and maintain a valued role in society. Children’s Young People’s Workforce (2010 page 20) states that â€Å"When children spend time in settings which promote diversity, equality of opportunity and inclusion, they are able to make progress in all areas of development†. Inclusive practice involves reflecting on and challenging one’s own prejudices, behaviours and work practices. It also involves challenging those of colleagues and other service providers with a view to changing ways of thinking and working and changing services to build on good practice and to better support diversity and promote equality. Bibliography Authors:Penny Tassoni, Kate Beith, Kath Bulman, Sue Griffin Year of publication:2010 Title:Children’s Young People’s Workforce – Early Learning Childcare Publisher:Heinemann

Frankenstein Analysis ; Essay Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein Analysis ; Essay Essay I. The pursuit of knowledge is at the heart of Frankenstein. In the letters at the beginning of the novel, Robert Walton had been writing to his sister of how he longs to travel the seas and attempts to surpass previous human explorations by endeavoring to reach the North Pole. Due to his pursuit of knowledge, he finds himself in a dangerous position trapped between sheets of ice. Victor’s pursuit of knowledge started from when he was just a child. The narrator begins to pick apart and identify the aspects of his personality that will eventually lead to his downfall. He possesses what he calls a thirst for knowledge. Thirst, of course, is a fundamental human need, necessary to ones very survival. Victors desire to learn, therefore, is driven by nothing so insubstantial as curiosity. It is instead the precondition of his very being. The fascinations of the human soul and how the body works, intensifying his thirst by reading the books of Cornelius Agrippa, Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus. As Victor attempts to surge beyond accepted human limits and access the secret of life, his creation ends up destroying everyone that he had care for. Although the two had a thirst for knowledge, one quickly realized that they had chosen a dangerous path, Robert Walton. You seek for knowledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently hope that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been. ( letter IV pg 39)From the wise words of Victor, Walton ultimately pulls back from his treacherous mission, having learned from Victor’s example how destructive the thirst for knowledge can be. The theme of the pursuit of knowledge leads into the theme of secrecy. Victor keeps his studies and his experiment of his creation a secret. He also keeps the knowledge of Williams killer a secret because it was his creation of the monster that murdered the innocent boy. II. In chapter two, Victor witnesses the destructive power of nature when, during a raging storm, lightning destroys a tree near his house. â€Å" It was not splintered by the shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribands of wood. I never beheld anything so utterly destroyed. † (pg 48) Therefore Victor had witnessed the destructive powers of nature and was astonished that something so beautiful could be destroyed so abruptly. The world of nature that is expressed in the book can be argued that it affects the moods of characters in the novel. The sublime natural world, embraced by Romanticism as a source of unrestrained emotional experience for the individual. It initially offers characters the possibility of spiritual renewal. Mired in depression and remorse after the deaths of William and Justine, for which Victor responsible, Victor heads to the mountains to lift his spirits. The harsh winter that Victor endured symbolised depression and remorse. As well, after a the hellish winter of cold and abandonment, the monster feels his heart lighten as spring arrives. The influence of nature on mood is evident throughout the novel, but for Victor, the natural world’s power to console him wanes when he realizes that the monster will haunt him no matter where he goes. By the end, as Victor chases the monster obsessively, nature, in the form of the Arctic desert, functions simply as the symbolic scenery for his primal struggle against the monster. III. Victor has been in a stage of secrecy since he was a child. Because of his interests and ambitions that no one could understand, he stayed in secrecy. Victor conceives of science as a mystery to be examined and discover its secrets, once discovered, must be jealously guarded. He considers M. Krempe, the natural philosopher he meets at Ingolstadt, a model scientist: â€Å"an uncouth man, but deeply imbued in the secrets of his science. † Victor’s entire obsession with creating life is shrouded in secrecy, and his obsession with destroying the monster remains equally secret until Walton hears his tale. Whereas Victor continues in his secrecy out of shame and guilt, the monster is forced into seclusion by his bizarre appearance. Walton serves as the final confessor for both, and their tragic relationship becomes immortalized in Walton’s letters. In confessing all just before he dies, Victor escapes the stifling secrecy that has ruined his life; likewise, the monster takes advantage of Walton’s presence to forge a human connection, hoping desperately that at last someone will understand, and empathize with, his miserable existence. IV. The way Mary Shelley wrote the novel Frankenstein is in first person point of view. By having the book in first person the reader is able to witness Victor’s life story on a different level. This helps the reader have a better understanding of whats going on in the novel. If the novel was written in another form, the reader would probably have great difficulty understanding Victor’s story. Other pieces of works were also mention in the novel such as Paradise Lost. The texts and languages strongly associate with the story as well with other themes in the novel. â€Å"It moved every feeling of wonder and awe, that the picture of an omnipotent God warring with his creatures was capable of exciting. I often referred the several situations, as their similarity struck me, to my own. Like Adam, I was apparently united by no link to any other being in existence; but state was far from different from mine in every other respect. He had come forth from the hands of God a perfect creature, happy and prosperous, guarded by the especial care of his Creator, he was allowed to converse with, and acquire knowledge from, beings of a superior nature, but I was wretched, helpless and alone. † (Ch. XV, page 116) As stated in the quote, the monster is comparing himself and the relationship of him and his creator to the story that he reads in Paradise Lost. The reader can relate to the monster and can see his point of view of how he is mistreated by his creator unlike Adam in the Story. V. In Victors case, his isolation comes from pursuing his ambitions, choosing his ambition over the people around him. Even when Victor finishes creating his creature, his feelings of melancholy and guilt overwhelm him so that he cannot have solace from those around him. Though Victor is alone once the Creature has killed his family, this isolation could also be considered brought upon by Victor himself. Victor’s isolation, then, should create in him a sense of guilt or atonement for his creation of a Creature who stripped him of those friends and family surrounding him; however, Victor only seeks vengeance and his continued state of melancholy. The Creature, on the other hand, is isolated because of Victor. Victor was the Creature’s creator and should have provided and taught the creature, taking responsibility instead of running away. He also is isolated by society because of his appearance, which is, again, not the Creature’s fault. Compared to Victor, the Creature is far more isolate, and we can see that this isolation is superior to that of Victor because of the drastic measures the Creature takes in order to be with people. Victor does not really consciously attempt to engage with those around him, but the Creature does, craving companionship and a way to release himself from his isolation. Ultimately, the Creature cannot become part of any community so this isolation creates rage inside of the monster and leads him to commit the acts that ultimately isolate Victor. VI. In the novel Frankenstein by mary shelley there is a clear comparison between the creature and Victor to God and Satan. Victor and the creature are mostly compared to God and Satan. Victor was so blind by his determination to recreate that he was too late to realize exactly what he was creating. He saw that he wasn’t creating life but he was just twisting death. God also regretted his creation after it was too late. In the novel, Frankenstein, Mary Shelley intertwines the relationships between her characters through their insatiable desires for knowledge. The actions of these characters, predominantly the monster, allude to Satan, in John Milton’s epic poem, Paradise Lost. Both the monster and Satan are fixated on vengeance because of the parallel rejection they are faced with in their respective works. Vengeance becomes the principal theme during the course of both works and it fuels the fire for the consciences’ of the monster and Satan’s every judgment. Rejection by creator plays a vital role in the plots of both the monster and Satan. Victor’s creature, born innocent, tried to fit in the world that he was put into. But the constant rejection and isolation from the very beings that he longed to interact with caused him to evolve into a self-acknowledged Satan, from Paradise Lost. The monster immediately upon setting eyes on the world is abandoned and rejected by Victor Frankenstein. The monster states, â€Å"It is with considerable difficulty that I remember the original era of my being; all the events of that period appear confused and indistinct. † (Shelley 194) VII. Throughout the novel, Victor has been struggling with his identity. He was isolated because of his interests in philosophy that no one else had. â€Å" When i was thirteen years of age, we all went on a party of pleasure to the baths near Thonon: i chanced to find a volume of the works of Cornelius Agrippa†¦I communicated my discovery to my father. My father looked carelessly at the titlepage of my book, and said, â€Å"Ah! Cornelius Agrippa! My dear Victor, do not waste your time upon this: it is sad trash. † † ( pg 46 chap II) Victor’s interest were not accepted therefore he kept to himself and became non social. Thus hindering the aid of finding his identity. The creature also struggled with his quest to find his identity. His creator was filled with disgust at the first sight of him. Without hesitation he shunned his creation and ran away from him. The monster was left with no one to teach him how to love, no one to teach him social skills, how to live, the creature had to fend for himself in every case. This left the monster to question his identity, Was I then a monster, a blot upon the earth, from which all men fled, and whom all men disowned. This leads him to doubt himself, and actually contemplate suicide. Not knowing ones identity can be troublesome for someone. It can make one question everything they do, every move every thought questions. This can put a strain on ones life and cause them to feel depressed and suicidal. We can see this in the monster and Victor throughout the novel. Although the creature starts to realize that he is alone, there is no other like him. This helps him create an identity for himself. He can characterize himself as an outsider. The theme of identity helps the reader to have a stronger understanding of the characters. In the novel of Frankenstein it can be argued that the theme of religion has been illustrated within the book. While many people view Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein† as a horror novel, it is also to be believed it has more of a religious background due to the insertion of â€Å"Paradise Lost† into the story. The story of God creating Adam is a popular topic in this story and is also believed that Shelly had intended for â€Å"Frankenstein† to be an allegory for the story of creation. In the instructional novel of How to read Literature Like a Professor, chapter five and seven can be used to make a connection with the novel of Frankenstein. In chapter five of the instructional manual of How to read Literature Like a Professor, the author explains how stories overlap in a way. Book are never totally original. They all use similar characters with similar personalities. Authors use other authors to influence their style of writing and what they write about. In the novel, Mary Shelley introduces the story â€Å" Paradise Lost†, to make a comparison and difference between the creature with Adam. â€Å" But ‘Paradise Lost’ excited different and far deeper emotions. I read it, as i had read the other volumes which had fallen into my hands as a true history†¦ I often referred the several situations, as their similarity struck me, to my own. Like Adam. † This quote can prove that the creation referred to the story of â€Å"Paradise Lost† and used it as a comparison to its own situation. Therefore stories indeed did overlap in a way. In chapter seven of the instructional manual of How to read Literature Like a Professor, it is mainly about how every piece of literature is somehow related to or referring to the Bible. They all involve things such as temptation, betrayal, denial, etc. Also, writers refer to the Bible because almost everybody knows at least some of the stories from the Bible. The novel Frankenstein expresses religion because Victors obsession with recreating life. He takes a place as God and the creature takes the place of Adam. The story of God and Adam was used in the novel to draw out the use of religion. Chapter seven also connects to Frankenstein because he felt the temptation of knowing the secrets of nature. † The world was to me secret which i desired to divine. † As quoted, Victor had temptation for knowledge. Therefore temptation was involved in the novel. Therefore, the instructional manual of How to read Literature Like a Professor and the novel Frankenstein are relatable. The manual is solely based on teaching rising students like me how to think, and change my perspective in order to get the deeper meaning behind a piece of literature. In Frankenstein the Monster, who is thought to be illiterate, watches the Frankenstein family and teaches himself to eat, sleep, and hold himself like them. He teaches himself to be a more sophisticated human being by watching this family similar to the way millions of students are teaching themselves to be more sophisticated by reading this manual.

Education throughout history

Education throughout history Introduction Education has been defined (Ukeje, 1966) as a process by which people are acclimatized to the culture into which they are born in order that they may advance it. It is the process through which people are prepared to live effectively in their environment. Today, the environment refers to the universe. This definition suggests that various cultures from time immemorial patterns and systems of education (formal or informal) suitable for their needs and environment. In many cases the content of educational programme may differ in terms of method and/or approach but the import (i.e. the purpose) is usually the same maintenance and transmission of culture (knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, skills, technology, values, etc). As the form, content, method and approach to education continue to be dynamic following the changing circumstances of the culture, it became necessary to pass on more and more knowledge and skills from one generation to the next. Records have it that every culture started educational process through informal method. As more needs arose and life became more dynamic and complicated, it became expedient that the process of education must change to reflect the changing circumstances of the culture. Various cultures therefore evolved formal systems of education so as to be orderly in their approach to transmission of knowledge and skills. Educational activities usually involve training in socio-economic activities of the environment in form of skill training in technological, recreational and intellectual subjects. It is pertinent at this point to have an idea of how education was organized in nations of early civilization and note the contribution those ancient communities have made to the development of modern day education. Educational Practice In Ancient Greece Greece is known as the cradle of civilization. The ancient Greece covered very large expanse of territories in Europe and parts of Asia. Invention of writing by the Greeks was one of the greatest achievements in the history of Education. Greek language had a great influence on English and other modern European languages and so it was essential for Western civilization. City state is the unit of political administration in Greece. Sparta and Athens are the main city states of Greece world. So, our discussion will centre on education in Sparta and Athens. Spartan Education: Only Spartans who were regarded as the citizens received any education and this was mainly physical, military and moral. Spartan education was geared towards physical vigor, determination, courage, military skill, obedience to law and constituted authority. Only healthy Spartan children were raised to become citizens, unhealthy ones were either exposed to die early or left to be adopted by the subject classes. Education Of The Boys: Spartan boys were exposed to military training very early as from the age of 7. They were organized in smaller groups in the barracks where they had a leader to whom they were responsible rather than their parents/families. The physical education was to make them tough and develop the spirit of endurance. They were to put on minimum clothing, eat less food, have little rest, etc. Mental and moral training were involved in their dances and music. Their religion was largely patriotism. Reading and writing were not included in the public education. As from age 18-20, they were exposed to practice in professional battle (mock battles) and at 20 they were matured enough to seek for active service among the hostile groups. Up to age 30, they lived in the barracks as active soldiers until age 60 when they disengaged to take active part in politics. Education Of Girls: Greek girls received public athletic training in sports, jumping, throwing discus and javelin, but not boxing. They were organized into troops like boys by ages. They engaged in dancing, singing, marching and took part in public religious rites, but they lived at home. If a Spartan girl failed her test, she would lose her right of citizenship and became perioikos (a member of the middle class). Objectives Of Spartan Education: Spartan education was determined by the desire for military efficiency. It aimed at providing patriotic, obedient and military efficiency in citizens so as to defend the integrity of the state. It prepared women for womanhood. Appraisal Of Spartan Education. Positively, the Spartan education was efficient in its organization and relevant to the needs and aspiration of the people of the time. There was provision of equal education for men and women. Negatively, the Spartan education was too narrow, short-sighted and inadequate. It was tied strictly to the defense of the state. Other areas of need were neglected (e.g. economic and socio cultural aspects) It failed to take care of individual differences and it had no regard for human rights and dignity. The Athenian Education: Athens was one of the city-states of the Ancient Greece. In ancient Athens the purpose of education was to produce citizens trained in arts, to prepare citizens for both peace and war. Athenians believed that their form of education was better than that of the Spartans and so they did not share the kind of admiration other city-states had for Spartans. Athenians felt that they were more superior to the Spartans in terms of their training and upbringing like the Spartans, the Athenians boys are taught at home by the mother or by a male slave until they attain the age of 7. As from that age, they attended elementary school until they were 13 part of their training was gymnastic. The younger boys learnt running, jumping, wrestling, discus and juvenile throwing. They also learnt to play musical instruments and sing. They learnt to count, read and write. They took a lot of lesson and practice in dictation, memorization and ac ting. Books were very expensive and rare, so subjects were read out loud and the boys had to memorize everything. Pioneers Of Practical And Popular Education: The Great Teachers (a) The Sophists and the Philosophers: Apart from elementary school masters, instructors and the like. The first professional higher education in the world was the group of brilliant talks and keen thinkers who appeared in Greek during the 5th Century B.C. (500BC). They were called Sophists meaning professional wise men. Later they were known as philosophers i.e. lovers of wisdom for it own sake. They were the first to discus whether there were any absolute standard of morality or nearly artificial conversion. Whether justice is consistent or simply means the way of the ruling class. They were phenomenally graceful and subtle talkers (orators) usually to fairly large audiences. They toured the large cities giving carefully prepared flowering speeches. They were highly paid and widely advertised and welcome by a reception committee and entertained by ambitious hosts. They claimed to be authority on everything and that they could lecture on any subject under the sun. They demonstrated that almost anything could be proved by a smooth talker. Their main legacy to the Greece and the modern world is that thought alone is one of the strongest forces in human life. The respect they create for the thinkers is enduring till today. (b). Socrates: He was an Athenians and he stayed in Athens talking to his fellow citizens instead of the whole world like the Sophist. He distrusted and opposed almost everything done by the Sophist. He refused regular payment, living and dying for. He wore worn clothes and was barefooted. He talked to people at street corners and in the gymnasium rather than specially prepared hall. He trained people to think. He said he knew nothing and try to find out. While we can consider Sophist to be the first lecturer Socrates was the first tutor. He made the other fellow to do most of the talking, he merely ask questions. Socrates questioned all sorts and conditions. His methods were: (A) The modest declaration of his own ignorance which imperceptibly faulted the other man and made him eager to explain to such an intelligence burnaivel enquires. (B) His adaptability which showed him the side on which each man could best be approached. (C) His unfailing good humour which allowed him always to keep the conversation going and at crises when the other lost his temper, he would now dominate the discussion. (c). Plato (428BC 347): He was the greatest of the Socrates students. He founded a college called Academy to pursue the study of the Socrates. Socrates had launched him to engage himself in teaching, studying and writing books on philosophical problems all his life. In all his books and teachings, he acknowledged his teacher (Socrates) and subordinated himself entirely to the personality and methods of Socrates. In all different situations, Plato combined the steady unflinching aid in the pursuit of truth with the most subtle adaptability of approach to different peoples. Plato talked more systematically and more exclusively than his master. He established a college rather than going about the street. He had entrance examination and disciplinary rule. Instead on chatting on everybody he preferred specially selected pupils. He gave lectures instead of spontaneous speech. He was a noble man, rich and gifted. He limited his effort to highly trained and carefully chosen listeners. He was the founder of examination system. Through his teachings and books, he made many pupils including Dionysius of Syraccus (a tyrant) and a superlative (good one) Aristotle probably the best and single mind the human species has ever produced. (d). Aristotle (385 322 BC): He was a rich doctors son and he always preferred thescientific habit of thought. He was admitted to Plato Academy at the age of 17 and he remained there until when he was about 40 years i.e. until Plato dies. After traveling and doing independent research for some years he founded a college of his own call ‘LYCEUM. Apparently, he thought of research and teaching as two sides of the same coin Aristotle organized his teaching very thoroughly. His Lyceum resembled a modern research institute with the vast number of specimens for his biological work which he collected from many parts of the known world, which must have been examined by squad of his research students. His mastering political to treaties was the distillation of important analysis of numerous existing constitutions made by his assistants under his supervision. Much of Aristotles teaching then was the type of very high level discussion which goes on in similar institutions today. Much of his teaching also was done on a slightly lower level to less advanced students who were still much more highly educated than the average citizens. Many of the works was handed down under his name were not books he personally wrote but collection of lecture notes taken down by his pupils and perhaps later corrected from his own personal note. We see from them (note) that he combined lecturing with class discussion but put the emphasis on the lecture i.e. he set out a series of topics which link together to form a complete survey of a subject. He took each topic separately, broke it down into a number of problems and then examined each of them separately. The note showed him talking on continuously, analyzing one suggestion after the other, explaining where each falls short and why and finally working his way to the solution. (e) Other leading philosophers and educators whose thoughts influenced the development of formal education in the world include: (i) J. H. Pestalozzi (1746 1827) (ii) Fredrick Froebel ((1782 -1852) (iii) John Dewey (1859 -1952) and (iv) Maria Montessori (1880 -1952) Traditional Education In Nigeria Islam and Christianity, which have influenced Nigerian education in no small measure, are of recent development compared with the indigenous system of education which is as old as man himself in Africa. Every society whether simple or complex has its own system of training and educating its youth. In old Africa society the purpose of education was clear, it was functionalism. African education emphasizes social responsibility, job orientation, political participation, spiritual and moral value. Although Nigeria consists of many ethnic groups and societies, each with their own culture and tradition, they all have common educational aims and objectives but methods differ from place to place chiefly because of social, economic and geographical imperatives. The education of the child phical imperatives. The education of the child from Nigerian society starts from infancy. At this initial stage, the child is more intimately involved with his mother than anybody else until he is about the age of 5 or 6, this is understandable and universal. The father is out most of the day and the mother stays at home with the child. His mother is his first teacher and he watches and learns everything his mother does. At about the age of 4 and 6, other members of the family become involved in the education of the child. They send him errand, tell him story, teach him obedience and respect for elders, code of behaviour, and history of the family or ethnics group. Traditional education is all embracing and every social institution involves an educational activity which leads the individual to acquire behaviour pattern, abilities and skills necessary for effective citizenship in the society in which he lives. The traditional African educational system finds expression in the age group. Age is an important element in the life of the African. The elder is assumed to be a custodian of wisdom and he is expected to demonstrate this in speech and action if he is to keep his position among those who look unto him for leadership. Goals Of Traditional African Education: The broad goal of Traditional African Education is to produce an individual who is honest, respectable, and skilled and conforms to the social order of the day. This broad goal can be split into the following objectives: (1) To develop the child latent physical skills (2) To develop character (3) To inculcate respect for elders and those in position of authorities. (4) To develop intellectual skills (5) To acquire specific vocational training and to develop a healthy attitude towards honest labour (6) To develop a sense of belonging and to participate actively in family and community affairs. (7) To understand, appreciate and promote the cultural heritage of the community at large. Muslim Education In Nigeria Islam was brought to Hausa land in the 14th Century by traders and scholars. The first set of mosques was built in Kano in 1349 1385. Kano then was a commercial city. The elementary Arabic schools in Nigeria were called Quranic schools and both Arabic, as a language and Islam as religion were taught simultaneously. When a pupil began to read the Arabic alphabet, he did so with an intention to read the Holy Quran. One of the Islamic Tradition says â€Å"The best man among you is one who learnt the Quran and the care to teach it†. Therefore teaching religion to others was considered a duty for which a person should expect no earthly reward. The system of teaching and learning the Quran and Arabic language started in Northern Nigeria where the teacher in the early stage depended on living on charity. The Islamic education was well entrenched in the North and it became highly organized that centres of advanced Islamic education started springing up. The Jihad period of Shehu Uthman dan Fodio assisted the spread of Islam in the North and consequently the establishment of Quranic Schools in the North. Jihad spread to Southern Nigeria through Ilorin which became a centre of Islamic learning up till this time. At about 1830, Islamic along with Quranic school spread to other parts of Yoruba land and a large number and small Quranic schools and institutions of higher learning similar to those already existing in the North sprang up in many Yoruba cities including Iwo, Ofa, Oyo, Shaki, Iseyin, Ogbomoso, Osogbo, Lagos, Epe, Abeokuta, Ijebu-Ode, etc. A Quranic school is usually found in or outside the mosque. The Ustaz (teacher) sits under a tree or in his parlour, verandah, porch, or in the mosque surrounded by volumes of the Quran and other Islamic books. A little distance to the Ustaz but near enough to be within reach of his long whip squatting are some 10 to 40 pupils in semi-circle, folding broad wooden slates from where they chant different Arabic alphabets, words or Quranic verses. The teacher in most cases is assisted by the brightest or the oldest or both among the pupils. Muslim children begin their Quranic education as from about the age of 3. At this stage learning was by repetition and rote (learning by heart) in a sing-song pattern. The teacher recite to his pupils the verse to be learnt and they repeat it after him, he does this repeatedly until he is satisfied that they have mastered the correct pronunciation. The pupils, sometimes in group, are thereafter left on their own to continue repeating the verse until he has thoroughly memorized it. The verse is then linked with the previously memorized verses and in this way; the pupil gradually learns by heart the whole chapters of the Quran. Islamic education could be dividend into the following stages: 1st Stage: Learning of Arabic alphabets and words. 2nd Stage: Learning and committing the first 2 essus and memorizing it. They also learnt basic tenets of Islam and Hadith. 3rd Stage: Had a broader and wider curriculum. The pupil begins to learn the meaning of the verses he had committed to memory. The teacher does his best to explain the Arabic text. The pupils are introduced to other writings such as hadith. 4th Stage: This may be considered the post secondary level. At this stage, the pupils begin to learn grammar and vocabulary in Arabic. The course of study also includes Logic, Mathematic, Jurisprudence, Geography, Medicines, etc. 5th Stage: It is after the 4th stage that the student decides in what area he wishes to specialize. This marked the beginning of university education. He proceeds to University at Fez, Lahore, Timbuktu, Al-Azeez. In the alternative, he continued home learning from local specialists called Sheiks. After finishing, he is free to practice as a teacher, Imam or Sheik, depending on his area of specialization. The Early Mission Schools And Their Problems Missionary contacts with the people of Nigeria started at the later part of 15th Century when the Portuguese set their feet on the soil of what is now called Nigeria. The Portuguese on arrival at Lagos and Benin ports in 1472 felt the need for introducing Christian religion and establishing schools for the purpose of sharing common faith and language with their customers. By 1515, the Catholic Missionary activities had started in Benin with a school established in the palace of the Oba of Benin for the sons of both the Oba and his Chiefs who had been converted to Christianity. This initial effort of the Portuguese missionary led to the establishment of trading posts, host churches and schools in Benin, Brass, coastal towns in Delta, Bayelsa and Lagos States and a seminary on the highland of Sao Tome off the coast of Nigeria. The main objective of the seminary was to train Africans as priests and teachers to manage the churches and schools that had been established. It is on record that the 1st set of schools was wiped out by the slave trade that ravaged West Africa for nearly 300 years. Sierra Leone became a territory acquired by the British Empire as a colony where the liberated Africa could settle when slave trade was abolished late 18th Century. Within a short time, some librated Africans, including Ajayi Crowther had been converted and educated in the formal school system in Freetown. The second coming of the Missionary was after the abolition of a slave trade. The Wesleyan Methodist became the 1st Christian organization, to arrive Badagry in Nigeria. The contact was made by Reverend Thomas Birch Freeman and Mr. Mrs. de Graft. With the contact schools started, other missions started sending their men to Nigeria. The first known school was established by Mr. Mrs. de Graft (an African born in Cape Coast) in Banditry and was named Nursery of the Infant Church. Later, many other schools were established by various other missions in Abeokuta, Lagos, Calabar, Ogbomosho, Onitsha, Bonny and other coastal towns. The history of secondary education started with the establishment of CMS Grammar School in Lagos in 1859 by Reverend Thomas Macaulay with 6 students. The primary objective of the early Missionary was to convert the native to Christianity through religion. The knowledge of the bible, ability to sing hymns, to recite catechism and to communicate both orally and in writing were considered essential for good Christianity. So the primary education curriculum was geared toward the achievement of the above. The early secondary schools taught mostly Latin, Greek and the 3Rs i.e. reading, writing, and arithmetic. They taught little or no science for nearly half a century. The entire educational provision was dependent upon the effort of the Christian Missions supported by the home- churches and gifts from friends. The government, both local and imperial, did not make any provision on education until 1877. Problems/Features of Early Mission Schools: In the process of implementing the educational policies, the missions faced the following problems: (1) There were no central schools laws and as a result there were no standard for running the schools. (2) Varying administrative techniques were adopted for school management. (3) No standard qualification for teachers. (4) No regulation to guide the school attendance and regularity of teachers and pupils. (5) In all the schools emphasis was on conversion to Christianity and religious instruction remained the basic core of the school curriculum during the period. (6) There was inadequate finance. (7) There were no trained teachers and no training colleges. (8) There was no common syllabus and no standard text books. (9) There was inadequate supervision of schools. (10) No central examination system. (11) There was no uniformity in the conditions of service for teachers. (12) There was intense missionary rivalry in the Southern part of Nigeria which led to uneven distribution of School. Education During The Colonial Era Educational Ordinance Of 1887: This ordinance laid down the principles which have become the foundation of educational laws and policies in the country. The principles included: (1) The constitution of a Board of Education made up of Governor as the Chairman. Members of legislative council Four nominees of the Governor Inspector of schools (which Dr. Henry Cars was the first inspector). (2) The appointment of inspectors of schools. (3) Extension of grants-in-aid to teacher training colleges. (4) Power of the board to make, alter and revoke rules for regulating the procedures for grants-in-aid. (5) Empowering the governor to open up and maintain schools. (6) Rates and condition of grant-in-aid to schools were based partially on subject taught and partially on degree of excellence in the school. (7) Safeguard as to religious and racial freedom. (8) Certification of teachers. (9) Admission of poor and alien children as may be directed by the Governor. (10) Establishment of scholarship for secondary and technical education. Even though, the 1887 Ordinance was meant primarily for Colony of Lagos, it influenced the gradual expansion of schools into Yoruba land and the Calabar area of the eastern part of what was to be known as Nigeria. Dr. Henry Carr, a Nigerian in 1891, was appointed the first indigenous inspector of schools for the Colony of Lagos. He advocated for greater government involvement in schools, particularly in the area of finance and control. Major Enactments That Shaped The Nigerian Education Since The Colonial Era (a) The 1916 Education Ordinance was promulgated by Lord Lugard to provide for the whole country, education based on good character and the usefulness to individuals and the society at large. (b) The Phelps-Stoke Commission on Education in Nigeria (1920). This was meant to review the existing educational practices in Africa and make recommendation to reform education in Africa. The commission visited Nigeria and other British control countries in West Africa. The commission report was published in 1922. Its recommendations were far reaching and they intimidated the British Colonial Government to issue the 1925 memorandum on education. (c) The 1925 memorandum on Education in British Territories. The memorandum was: (1) The first statement of the intention of the colonial government on Africa since 1842 when western education was introduced in Nigeria. (2) The outcome of Phelps-stoke report which brought into light the apathy of colonial government to the education and the incompetence of the Christian mission in the field of education. (3) The document that piloted Nigerian Educational policies and development from 1925-1945. (d) The 1926 Education Code. Sir Hugh Clifford, Nigerian Governor, in 1926, enacted education (colony and Southern provinces) Ordinance No 15 of 1926 to curb the development of sub-standard schools that were mushrooming beyond the control of the missionary. The Ordinance made provision for improvement on the qualities of teachers, providing schools with experienced leadership and guidance, creating a conducive atmosphere for realistic co-operation among the agencies/stakeholders and generally supplying the educational needs of individual and the community at large. (e) Other policies that assisted in shaping the Nigerian Educational sys tem included: (i) Davidsons 10 year Education Plan (1942-1952). (ii) Asquith Commission, 1943. (iii) Elliot Commission, 1943. (iv) Self determination educational policies of the regions (1952-`1959). (v) The Ashby Commission, 1960. (vi). National Policy on Education 1977, 1982, 1998, 2004. Tutorial Questions (1) Attempt a distinction between the Sophists and the Philosophers in the Ancient Greek education and explain how the contributions of Aristotles, Plato and Socrates influenced the education system of various nations of the world. (2) The early Greek education prepared citizens for rigorous life. Examine this statement by presenting the nature of the Spartan and Athenian education. (3) Write short notes on the contributions of the following to education: (a) Perstalozi (b) Froubel (c) Montessori (d) Dewey (4) Explain the nature of the African indigenous education and the goals the system was set to achieve. (5) Attempt the comparison of early Christian Mission School with the Muslim Education. What are the main problems faced by this educational system? (6) Discuss 3 of the enactments (ordinance, commission, memorandum, etc) that shaped the Nigeria Educational system during the colonial period. (7) To what extent will you say that the National Policy on Education has brought order to the Nigerian educational system? (8) With your knowledge of the functions of the various commissions overseeing various levels of Nigerian educational system, make a case for the establishment of National Commission for Senior Secondary Education. (9) Justify the fact that the National Policy on Education is the major post independence achievement of government in bringing order to Nigerian educational system. References: i. Achunine, R. N. and Irondi, E. O. (Ed.) (1998). Management administration of secondary education. Owerri: Totan Publishers Limited ii. Adesina, Segun, Adeyemi, K. and Ajayi, K. (Ed.) (1983).Nigerian education: trends and issues. Ibadan: University of Ife. iii. Ajayi, T., Fadipe, J. O., Ojedele, P. K. Oluchukwu, E. E. (Ed.) (2002).Planning and administration of universal basic education (UBE) in Nigeria. Ijebu-Ode: National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration, Ondo. iv. Babalola, J.B. (Ed.) (2003). Basic text in educational planning. Ibadan: Department of Educational Planning, University of Ibadan. v. Fagbamiye, E. O., Babalola. J. B., Fabunmi, M. Ayeni, A.O. (Ed.) (2004) Management of primary and secondary education in Nigeria. Ibadan: NAEAP. vi. Fafunwa, A. B. (1974). History of education. London: George Allen Unwin. vii. Oyekan, S. O. (2000). Foundations of teacher education. Ibadan: Ben Quality Prints viii. Osokoya, I. O. (1989).History and policy of Nigerian education in world perspective. Ibadan: AMD Publishers. ix. Ukeje, B. O. (1967). Education for social reconstruction.

Analysis of the Black Codes 1865-66 Essay -- Slavery, Inexpensive Labo

The Black Codes were legal statutes and constitutional amendments enacted by the ex Confederate states following the Civil War that sought to restrict the liberties of newly free slaves, to ensure a supply of inexpensive agricultural labor, and maintain a white dominated hierachy. (paragraph 1) In southern states, prior to the Civil War they enacted Slave Codes to regulate the institution of slavery. And northern non-slave holding states enacted laws to limit the black political power and social mobility. (paragraph 2) Black Codes were adopted after the Civil War and borrowed points from the antebellum slave laws as well as laws in the northern states used to regulate free blacks. (paragraph 3) Eventually, the Black Codes were extinguished when Radical Republican Reconstruction efforts began in 1866-67 along with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and civil rights legislation. The lives of the Black Codes did not have longevity but were significant. (paragraph 3) Although each ex-Confederate state enacted its own set of codes, all of them shard certain features such as they ...

History of the Novel :: Free Essay Writer

The arrival of the novel was not a sudden process. Stories have existed among mankind since the cave man began drawing on the walls. From the Bible to Homer's epic poems to Shakespeare's plays the evolution of the novel has been a gradual but steady process. Now it must be made clear that books existed before the eighteenth century, fiction was written–however, the idea of a ‘novel’ did not come into existence until the 1700s. Although there is no way to credit the ‘first’ novel, however there are at least three â€Å"groups of works† which can be designated as the novels â€Å"predecessors† (Stoddard 30). These three consist of: 1. The Greek Romances "All that we have of it is evidence, more or less complete, of the existence of eight tales" (Stoddard 30) including the story of Nimrod, the story of Dinias and the story of Sinonis. These are stories of adventure and romance. According to Stoddard, these stories focus mainly on external events. These stories do not discuss the internal emotions of the hero. It is a story "wholly external depicting only adventures of the body, of the physical senses" (Stoddard 35). 2. The Italian and Spanish Romances These texts have "vastly influenced the literature of Europe" (Stoddard 39). Although they are similar to the Greek romances with their adventurous tales, there is a more sentimental feel to these stories. These texts take the "pastoral" idea of romance and images of the sentimental lover and longing for the past come into mind. "They are not the novel" (Stoddard 41) but when studying these works, one can see the influence the played on the eighteenth century novel. 3. Prose Romances of Chivalry They tell stories of knights rescuing the damsel in distress and riding off into the sunset. "Tracing a direct line of decent is difficult, but the spirit of these romances of the chivalric deeds"

Wendys History :: essays research papers

Wendy’s Frostys   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" I opened the first Wendys restaurant because I felt that there should be a place where fresh hamburgers are made just the way the customer wants it.† That is as true today as it was thirty one years ago when Dave Thomas first spoke those words. People put their trust into Wendys everytime that they eat there. Infact Wendys is the only fast food place that offers the Frosty (Wendys Web Page).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  November 15th 1969, in Columbus, Ohio, was a very phantasmagoric day in Dave’s life. He opened his very first restaurant naming it after his little baby girl, Wendy. He expected nothing more from his little family owned restaurant, but Dave decided to approach fast food in a different angel. On November 21st 1970 he broke new grounds by opening a new feature, the pick up window. Now he could do twice as much business at the same time. This idea expanded to all of the quick service industries. Over the next thirty ones years, Dave opened up over five thousand Wendys Restaurants, not only in the United States but in twenty-seven other countries around the world. With competition rising among other fast food places, such as McDonalds, Burger King, and Arbys. Promotion would be one of his great ideas (Wendys Web Page).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A garbage collector, Craig Randall, found a discarded Wendys cup. The cup had a peel off label for instant winners. Hoping to discover a coupon good for a free chicken sandwich, Craig peeled off the label to find that he instantly won two hundred thousand dollars towards a brand new home and became an instant celebrity. Craig’s whirl wind   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Osborne 2 media tour included the â€Å"Tonight Show,† â€Å"Jay Leno,† and hundred of media outlets hungry for a new unbelievable story. This brought many new customers to Wendys to try their luck at the new game. Soon after many other fast food places tried the same promotion ideas and were also very successful (Pook, Cory).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wendys features two main products, the chili and the Frosty. The Frosty is a cool creamy dairy desert that will also quench and thirst. Although is thicker than a milk shakes it isn’t quick as thick as Ice cream. In comparison to the other dairy deserts that the other fast food places sell, Wendys has the least fattening deserts of them all. The Frosty at Wendys has 330 calories in a twenty oz.